Business Research Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Research Methods - Assignment Example These forms of study are mainly undertaken before conducting a more extensive study that will provide concrete answers to the researcher’s questions. Utilisation of this research design, therefore, is limited to areas in which there is limited knowledge as the researcher seeks to develop background information on the topic being explored. Within the business profession, exploratory research focuses on discovering business ideas rather than provision of statistically accurate data. It can provide a company with a definition of issues pertaining alternative courses of action and even prioritization of areas for further research. This design mainly utilises open ended questions and can be able to provide ideas that might not have been thought. The utilisation of the open ended questions however becomes a basic shortfall of the research design since the information collected could be extensively varied and analysis becomes difficult as it cannot be grouped. Description research seeks to provide information and describes situations based on scientific observation (Saunders & Lewis 2012). The fundamental reasons behind utilisation of scientific observations are the provision of accurate and precise information on the topics being investigated. In seeking to get this level of accuracy and precision scientific methods are utilised in statistically analysing the collected data. This research is limited by the complexity of the processes involved in undertaking the analysis of data being presented. Unlike the exploratory design, descriptive study is generally structured and pre-planned. This ensures that the information gathered within the process can be statistically inferred on a given population like the workforce of the company. The fundamental idea behind the utilisation of descriptive research design is defining, opinions, attitudes and behaviours of a group of people in a better and more informed manner

Human Resources Management and Sustainable Development Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Management and Sustainable Development Essay Nowadays, sustainable development is a movement that is increasing in our society. Companies are progressively realizing the stakes of such policies, and are willing to have a try at it. The triple bottom line definition of sustainable development (source: United Nations) stresses an equal importance of the social and economic dimensions with regard to the ecological dimension. The sustainable development director of a company being usually inside of its human resources department, this department must therefore play a key role in the implementation of sustainable development policies. But what role exactly ? How can companies use human resources management to improve their sustainable development strategy ? Sustainable development implies taking into account ethical values and principles. For example, a new trend in companies nowadays is volunteering. Many different projects are available to volunteers, depending on their will and their interest centres : humanitarian missions, reinsertion of unemployed people, etc. These actions, which depend very much on the willingness of human resources management to set them up, contribute to the good image of sustainable development policies implementation in companies. It is even more striking to employees and locals when companies choose to get involved in missions close to its activity, e. g. the Danone group gives away free yoghurts to African communities every year. On the national level Many actions including the social dimension can be undertaken in companies. This includes for examples an improved fairness in the hiring process (e. g. through interviewing methods, anonymous resumes ), a regular training of employees, a more flexible work, etc. The most important part is to involve employees in the sustainable development process. Indeed, managers have the responsibility to spread sustainable development principles and to set them up, while employees realize them and keep them alive. If employees do not agree upon it, the company is walking right into a wall. Companies should therefore explain their initiative, the pros and the cons, and have employees agree on it. Meetings to agree on a charter could be a good thing also. Furthermore, employees’ involvement should not stop there : Companies should encourage their collaborators to integrate ethical and ecological attitudes in their everyday life. For instance, the Aventis Pasteur laboratory encourages its employees to take public transportations rather than driving alone to work. In order to do so, the company signed a contract with ADEME (Agence De l’Environnement et de la Maitrise de l’Energie) so as to improve the bus service to the laboratory. However, taking actions in the home country of a company is not enough today : sustainable development goes abroad ! On the international level With the globalization of firms, they now need to pay attention to the social aspects of being settled in different countries. Companies must indeed take into consideration the local social specificities, as well as local stakeholders. If possible, they should also try developing partnerships with local associations, NGO, as well as local and international public institutions. An example of what a sustainable development policy could be implemented abroad is the Lafarge cement company. Its employees in Africa were for the most part affected with AIDS. AIDS had a negative impact on the social but also on the economic dimension. It was the first death cause at Lafarge Africa. The group set up a policy to help fight the disease and to make working and health conditions as convenient as possible. This policy was set up in cooperation with CARE, an international development NGO. To go even further, Lafarge cooperated with local associations to launch a preventive campaign in the area. Another example is the Accor hotel company, which is involved in the definition and implementation of international standards on areas such as education, as well as the fight against prostitution and child exploitation. Both national and international dimensions must be taken into account in the implementation of a sustainable development policy, in order to make the most out of it. In conclusion, sustainable development being an important issue nowadays, companies are starting to feel implied in this process. Through a good use of the human resources management, social services can be set up in a company, both nationally and internationally, hence the performance of the company in terms of sustainable development.

We Need an Amendment Outlawing Flag Desecration :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

We Need an Amendment Outlawing Flag Desecration In an attempt to make outrageous political statements, people often go to extremes: monks burn themselves to express freedom from religious intolerance, civilians stand in front of military tanks to stop them from destroying their city, and others burn or tear up flags to demonstrate their beliefs on issues from racism to war. Although flag desecration is the least violent of these three examples, it should be banned with an amendment because the flag is a symbol of freedom. Flag defilement is seen in many forms, such as- spitting on, tearing apart, or burning. During the 1960’s, a time of despair and revolution, flag vandalism proliferated. In effort to alter their lifestyle, Americans stampeded the streets ruining the symbol of freedom in the name of politics and racism. The violent array of insubordination created an immediate reaction. Each protest became more violent and ill mannered. Each time someone demolishes a flag, the act is not freedom of speech- it is an expression of an anti-American lifestyle. During the Vietnam War, activists ironically demolished the flag to bring back the men fighting overseas. The same men who were fighting for the freedoms of Americans and the symbol of America. These soldiers believed in America as a country and the flag as a badge of democracy and freedom so much, they risked their lives and almost 60,000 American soldiers died to preserve America’s freedoms. Those who have lost family members in a vicious battle will understand that it is not a sign of admiration to disgrace the icon for which these young men died to defend-- many between the ages of 17 to 24. In honor of those who may die for our country in the future, the Senate should pass an amendment outlawing flag desecration. As a daughter of an American soldier– who fought in both

Pearl Harbor :: American History World War 2 WWII

Hawaii's Pearl Harbor is one of the most well known military installations in the world. On December 7, 1941 Japanese fighter planes attacked the United States Naval base Pearl Harbor killing more than 2300 Americans. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto had conceived the surprise attack. Commander Mitsuo Fuchida led the striking force of 353 Japanese aircraft. There had been no formal declaration of war. There were approximately 100 ships of the United States navy present that morning, and it was known as Battleship Row. Battleship Row consisted of battleships, destroyers, cruisers, and other various support ships. During the attack more than 50 percent of the United States pacific fleet was out to sea including carriers. Nearby Hickman Field also fell victim of the surprise attack by the Japanese. 18 Army air corps including bombers, and fighters and attack bombers were destroyed or damaged on the ground during the attack. A few United States fighters struggled into the air against the invaders and gave a good account of themselves. Ground fire and United States pilots from various military installations on the inland of Oahu shot down a total of 29 Japanese fighters. The road to war between Japan and the United States began in the 1930's when differences over China drove the two nations apart. In 1931 Japan conquered Indonesia, which until then had been part of China. In 1937 Japan began a long and ultimately unsuccessful campaign to conquer the rest of China. In 1940 the Japanese government allied their country with Nazi Germany in the Axis Alliance, and, in the following year occupied all of Indonesia. The United States, which had important political and economic interests in East Asia, was alarmed by these Japanese moves. The United States increased military and financial aid to China, created a program of strengthening its military power in the Pacific and cut off the shipment of oil and other raw materials to Japan. Because Japan was poor in natural resources its government viewed these steps, especially the embargo on oil, as a threat to the nations survival. Japans' leaders responded by resolving to seize the resources and territories of Southeast Asia, even though that move would certainly result in war with the United States. The problem with the plan was the danger posed by the United States Pacific Fleet based at Pearl Harbor. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto commander of the Japanese fleet devised a plan to immobilize the United States fleet at the out set of the war with a surprise attack.

Climate Smart Agriculture In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

In aftermath of planetary climatic alterations, the developing states like Pakistan will confront the brunt because of their socio-economic features and heavy trust on agribusiness. As clime alteration will impact the agricultural productiveness, Pakistan needs to follow a policy which will guarantee the nutriment of 180 million people. As portion of version scheme, there is a demand of climate smart agribusiness which comprises of IWM ( incorporate H2O direction ) , GMO ‘s ( Genetically Modified Organisms ) , micro crediting and funding, low delta harvests ( necessitate less H2O ) , organic manure, etc. This survey further compares the agricultural productivenesss of different LDC ‘s with Pakistan and their acceptance rate of Green Revolution. Results show that Pakistan, India and Bangladesh have an acceptance rate of more than 60 % , which is really high in comparing with other developing states like Afghanistan, Angola and Yemen, whose acceptance rate has been less tha n 2 % . Furthermore other developing states had non adequate environmental considerations as compared to Pakistan. Finally the survey concludes that even though we have given much importance to the environmental facets yet we will hold to make some more attempts to non merely increase agricultural productiveness but with the clime smart facets of agribusiness. Introduction In the hereafter, Global Warming due to climatic alteration is expected ( due to current planetary seasonal alterations it is expected that planetary heating is go oning in future ) . About 2oC to 4oC addition in temperature over the subcontinent is expected. In these rough conditions the deficit of fresh H2O supply from rivers every bit good as the altered rain autumn forms will decidedly upset our agricultural productiveness. As a consequence more poorness and other societal immoralities will be our destiny. Increased bio diverseness loss along with the clime alterations will increase the habitat loss and finally of all time increasing population ‘s demand of nutrient will be a large inquiry grade for the policy shapers of our state and political disposal. Forests screen of our state is every bit low as 2.2 % or about 1,687,000 hour angle which is being forested in Pakistan. 20.2 % ( 340,000 hour angle ) is classified as primary forest out of it, the most bio diverse and carbon-filled signifier of wood. Pakistan had planted forest 340,000 ha.A Change in Forest Screen: Between 1990 and 2010, Pakistan is losing an norm of 42,000 hour angle or 1.66 % per annum. In entire, between 1990 and 2010, Pakistan has lost 33.2 % of its entire forest screen or around 840,000 hour angle. Pakistan ‘s woods are comprised of 213 million metric dozenss of C in populating forest biomass, which will of class return to the ambiance due to the fast film editing of woods ( FAO, 2010 ) . All the above climatic alteration catastrophes will finally consequence the people of Pakistan ‘s wellness besides by lessening in fresh H2O supply from aquifers or rain H2O fluctuation and taint or by energy lack powered by deficient usage of hydel power and the effusion of epidemic diseases like malaria and dandy fever. Poor H2O supply, increased worm conditions and the increased strength of natural catastrophes will finally transport on holding large decease tolls and as the Malthusian theory suggests natural catastrophes does non care about who is traveling to be vanished, a bookman or any drone. History: – The traditional agricultural agriculture has been with us up to early 1960ss of twentieth century. Afterwards we had followed the green revolution techniques, and with this method we are in a place to go forth India and Bangladesh behind but were behind China in the acceptance rate. Adoption Ratess of Green Revolution Crop in Pakistan Old ages Wheat Rice Maize Millet Sorghum Lentils Land Nuts Potatos All Crops 1965 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 3 1970 15 30 0 0 0 0 0 20 35 1975 50 40 0 0 0 0 0 45 49 1980 88 45 0 0 7 0 0 50 64 1985 90 55 0 0 10 0 0 60 67 1990 91 70 5 5 15 3 1 70 71 1995 92 85 10 10 20 15 3 75 75 2000 95 99 15 15 21 33 5 80 81 The above tabular array is derived from ‘Robert E. Evenson ‘ ( talk in PDR ) â€Å" The Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution in Pakistan: Policy Deductions † . In this tabular array it is evident that the Green Revolution in Pakistan ab initio produced really good consequences i.e. 25 times from 1965 to 1995, with an one-year mean addition of 83 % . It is really high rate of addition in over all harvest outputs but if we compare the consequences with the harvest output addition in 1995-2000 with 1965-1995 ‘s, the one-year mean addition in harvest outputs, it is evident that the one-year mean addition in 1995-2000 remains every bit low as 21.6 % merely. It is clear from above consequences that the so called Green Revolution technique is bit by bit neglecting in our state. LT 2 % 2-10 % 10-20 % 20-30 % 30-40 % 40-50 % 50-65 % GT 65 % Afghanistan Burkina Faso Bolivia Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Algeries Argentina Angola Cambodia Dahomey Costa Rica United arab republic Persia Bangladesh Chile Burundi Chad Botswana Ecuador Mexico Kenya Brazil China Cardinal African Republic El-Salvador Cameroon Ghana South west africa Maroc Union of burma India Congo ( B ) Gabun Congo ( Z ) Lao people's democratic republic Paraguay Nepal Tunisia Dutch east indies Gambia Guatemala Ca »Ã¢â‚¬Å"te d'Ivoire Malagasy republic Peru Siam Malaya Guinea Bissau Guinea Yaltopya French sudan Saudi- Arabia Turkey Pakistan Mauritanie Haiti Liberia Sierra Leone South- Africa Philippines Mongolia Jamaica Honduras Syria Srilanka Niger Libya Mauritius Vietnam Somalia Nyasaland Nicaragua Yemen Mocambique Nigeria Panama Rwandese republic Senegal Soudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uruguay Uganda Venezuela Northern rhodesia Rhodesia Table from: Robert E. Evenson ‘ ( talk in PDR, 2010 ) Even though Pakistan is among those states whose acceptance rate of Green Revolution is more than 65 % . Even so we are confronting with the nutrient crises. Why? Because of several grounds i.e. political, societal and distributional grounds along with the territorial and cross boundary line influences. One of these grounds is the none usage of resources harmonizing to sustainable. By sustainable usage of resources we mean that inordinate usage of fertilisers is of no usage, we will hold to reconsider the national policy for the accomplishment of national ends, and that is the emerging construct of Climate Smart Agriculture, in which we must utilize our cherished resources in such a manner that neither there should be an inordinate usage of fertilisers and H2O etc nor we should go forth the hereafter nutrient demands of the of all time increasing population. On the other manus we could non accomplish â€Å" Gene Revolution † which is based on â€Å" Recombinant Deoxyribonucleic acid † , ( a familial Engineering technique ) because we had non introduced the nutrient safety and environmental safety ordinances which are required for Gene Revolution. Gene Revolution is comprised of Genetically Modified merchandises. Approximately 40 per centum of GM merchandises are GM harvest merchandises and 60 per centum are GM wellness merchandises ( Robert E. Evenson in PDR, 2010 ) . The GM harvest merchandises fall into three classs: ( a ) Herbicide Tolerant merchandises. ( B ) Disease Resistant merchandises. ( degree Celsius ) Insect Resistant merchandises ( chiefly from Bacillus thurengiensis ( Bt ) engineered into the works. If we could accomplish the Gene Revolution, it will be a success way taking to Climate Smart agribusiness. Expected Future of nutrient insecurity and Climate Smart Agriculture Post Harvest losingss of Crop The station crop losingss of different harvests of fruits and veggies occur due to hapless engineering of harvest home, improper timing of crop and burden of end product in the Fieldss and long distances from Fieldss to market. This station crop loss is vey important sum of entire end product. In Pakistan these losingss are besides really high particularly in fruits and veggies. Harmonizing to national statistics these loses in Pakistan are runing from 35 to 40 % . During the Kharif 2005-06 the production of veggies was 1.2 million dozenss while it dropped to under 1 million dozenss in 2009-10.Similarly, Rabi 2005-06 production of veggies was about 2.2 million dozenss which came down to 2 million dozenss in 2009-10.and at the same clip the population and demand is increased ( FAO study, 2010 ) . Stay Green seeds assortment should be used in production as this assortment delays the over maturating procedure and vegetable corsets green and remain fresh and functional on the workss for longer period. This will assist and farmer has more clip to reap the harvest and the opportunities of loss will be least. If the authorities take this issue earnestly and by presenting progress engineering and better the substructure it can get the better of these losingss. By making this authorities can guarantee more supply of fruits and veggies and set the monetary values at the lower limit degrees and guarantee the nutrient security in the state, as the most of the hapless people of Pakistan used veggies as the basic nutrient. ( Dawn Economic and Bushiness reappraisal, 25 April, 2011 ) Issues sing Agriculture in Pakistan: Water Handiness: – Pakistan is a H2O lacking state. Agribusiness is the largest individual user of H2O in the state, devouring about 99 per cent of available surface H2O and 92.5 per cent of groundwater beginnings. Groundwater contributes 57 per cent ( 40 MAF ) of entire H2O available at the farm gate, while 43 per cent of irrigation supply comes from river flows. Canal H2O diverted in an mean twelvemonth is 54 MAF, out of which 29 MAF is available at the farm gate. In Punjab, 99 % of surface H2O ( rivers, canals etc. ) and 92.5 % of groundwater ( tube Wellss etc. ) is used for irrigation/ Agricultural intents but, the groundwater is usually piquant doing salination ( Punjab Sustainable Development Report, 2010 ) . While, inordinate use of aquifer has reduced H2O tabular array and increased the cost of pull outing aquifer for irrigation intents. The quality of groundwater is fringy to brackish in 40 per cent of the country of the Indus basin in the state, impacting harvest outputs and taking to the sec ondary salinisation of dirts. Excessive extraction has lowered the H2O tabular array in many countries and increased the cost of pumping groundwater for irrigation. Quality has besides been affected, with the engagement of saline groundwater into the fresh groundwater zone. More over as India is increasing its dike, which will decline the jobs of Pakistan and as a consequence our agricultural production will besides endure. The increased H2O supply due to the climatic alterations i.e. runing the glaciers, will be used up by India. This is the state of affairs in H2O handiness. In Punjab, 99 % of surface H2O ( rivers, canals etc. ) and 92.5 % of groundwater ( tube Wellss etc. ) is used for irrigation/ Agricultural intents but, the groundwater is usually piquant doing salination. While, inordinate use of aquifer has reduced H2O tabular array and increased the cost of pull outing aquifer for irrigation intents ( Punjab Sustainable Development Report, 2010 ) . Water, hygiene, sanitation related diseases costs Pak. economic system Rs. 112 billions/year ( wellness + gaining losingss ) ( WB, 2006 ) ( Env. Degradation Losses ) Costs related to Diarrhea entirely = Rs. 55 to Rs.80 Billion/year High drop-out in schools Beginning: Pakistan Strategic Country Environment Assessment Report ( 2006 ) , The World Bank. Solutions for Water Availability: – So here we can utilize the Climate Smart technique to battle with the immorality of H2O deficit and H2O taints. With the improved H2O harvest home and increasing reservoirs such as dikes if non big dikes so there should be little dikes built desperately in rain fed countries of our state. Proper direction of effluent Water handiness and its taint should be stopped by participatory attack, affecting policy shapers, terminal users and contrivers. There is a technique which saves H2O and is called Alternate-Wetting and Drying ( AWD ) which was developed by the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) in cooperation with national research establishments. Conservation Agriculture ( CA ) is another smart agribusiness technique in which the straws of the harvested harvests are laid on the same field in a mode that it retains wet and birthrate of dirt, this technique is normally practiced in states like Egypt. Dirt foods and birthrate: – For Agriculture production the usage of fertilisers is practiced at really high degree to acquire more output per acre. The domestic production of fertilisers in the twelvemonth 2009-10 was estimated about 4.5 % , and the import of fertilisers was approximately 133 % increased in the same twelvemonth. The entire stock of fertiliser increased 25 % in Pakistan. Excessive usage of fertilisers has been doing debasement of dirts ‘ birthrate. In Pakistan, the usage of natural fertiliser ( organic ) is non being practiced at commercial degree but, at local degree this is practical ( Pakistan Economic Survey, 2009-10 ) . Issues: Due to the intensive usage of machinery and fertilisers soil productiveness alternatively of increasing it is diminishing. Under-utilization or over-utilization of fertilisers is an issue. Excessive usage of fertilisers is termed as â€Å" Fertilization Burn † which causes roots to dry out and even decease of the works. Nitrogen arrested development in the harvests is an indispensable portion and bring forthing unreal N fertilisers needs beginnings like fossil fuels and natural gas which is scarce in nature In the production of ammonia- the major constituent of fertilisers is produce by the usage of natural gas in industrial procedure which is a scarce resource. Soil eroding, Wind eroding, H2O logging Soil eroding causes deposits to settle down in dikes, agricultural run-off, wastewaters in the H2O and sewerage, causes eutrophication ( algae growing on the H2O surface ) . Solutions: Use of organic fertilisers Legumes or lentils ( protein rich beginning workss ) can be used as natural fertilisers which can besides turn to nutrient security issues and increase nutrient transition ratios and lessenings methane emanations besides called green manuring, normally cropped in between two harvests or inter-cropping and in agro-forestry systems to heighten dirt birthrate. Nitrogen is an indispensable food to increase harvest outputs, it can be achieved through composting manures and harvest residues, specifically utilizing techniques like ‘deep arrangement engineerings ‘ or else usage organic fertiliser. Pesticides: – There is inordinate usage of pesticides in Pakistan. In last two decennaries pesticides use has been 1169 % and at least more than 10 sprays are used on a individual harvest ( Technical bulletin, 2000 ) and 80 % pesticide are used on cotton workss ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) . Whereas, the old Torahs related to the usage of pesticides has non been updated yet ( Agriculture Pesticide Ordinance APO 1971 & A ; 1973, Mazari, 2005 ) . Issues: – Pesticides are considered one of the major beginnings to command plagues and other insects but they have their ain risky impacts because of soiled chemicals are used to organize pesticides called relentless organic pollutants ( POPs ) and therefore causes H2O pollution, dirt taint. Excessive usage of pesticides besides reduces the N arrested development in dirt, disturbs the pollenation procedure and destroys birds ‘ home ground. Plagues ‘ immune system develops a opposition against pesticides finally human need another type of pesticide to command the plagues. The usage of pesticides can hold an inauspicious consequence on human wellness. Solutions: – Use of good parasitic and marauding insects to command the plagues which are involved in diminishing the works growing such as, beetles etc. Seeds: – In Pakistan we are confronting with the job of lack of research based high giving up assortments ( HYVs ) seeds, on one side we have to pass cherished foreign exchange to purchase them and on the other manus, we are dependent on other states. We have established many agricultural research establishments and research labs like ; Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department ( FSC & A ; RD ) For illustration, Bt. Cotton is seed modified and developed by utilizing the techniques employed in Biotechnology. The usage of this seed increases the green goods by 30 % because it has a capacity to defy plagues, and cotton related diseases which certainly, increase the income of hapless subsistence husbandmans but still, there is a spread between supply and demand so, the monetary values of these HYVs are increasing. During the twelvemonth 2009-10 the 611 seed bring forthing companies are registered ( both populace and private sectors ) in Pakistan. Increasing the cost of production of agribusiness and decreasing the net incomes of husbandmans. More over these are non much reliable. These HYVs are tolerant to plagues, utmost temperatures and diseases. Issues Supply deficits along with dependability of these HYVs Poor provincials can non afford these HYVs These HYVs consume more H2O and we are H2O lacking state Solutions and benefits: – Domestic production of HYVs, which suit our environment Provision of capital to little husbandmans by the authorities Construction of new dikes ( little dikes ) Solution to post production losingss Increased supply of nutrient Stay green assortment of seeds should be used Farm Mechanization: – Farm mechanisation tendency is increasing overtime. It supports cultural patterns, in-time sowing, and decrease in station crop losingss. The farm mechanisation includes tractors, agriculturists, drills, wheat thrashers, sprays, power rigs, tubing Wellss and bull dozers. Entire figure of tractors being used is 342,000 in June 2005. It was expected that the figure of tractors will increase up to 466,000 in 2009-10 ( Working Draft, Planning Commission, 2010 ) . Decision: – To run into the turning demand of the agricultural goods specially for staple nutrient and at the same clip the menace of clime alteration has opportunities to go on as in 2010 the devastated inundations affect the state and damaged the harvests cultivated on 1000000s of hectares. Pakistan needs to follow climate smart agribusiness techniques to turn to this issue. As the FAO has proposed different valuable clime smart methods, Pakistan should follow these patterns as our state is labour abundant and most of our population is involved in agribusiness patterns. But there is deficiency of fiscal spreads. In this paper different issues and their solutions are highlighted different issues sing agribusiness sector which and besides some patterns of clime smart agribusiness is being done but harmonizing to potency of Pakistan ‘s agribusiness it is non being utilized. There is demand of policy devising should include all the stakeholders to do the agribusiness sector more productive a cquire the higher consequences by using the resources more expeditiously. Even though there are a batch of hurdlings in accommodating to the Climate Smart agribusiness technique such as institutional, societal, and political and deficiency of agricultural instruction, we have the possible to come up with this evident demand of future. We have to get down this now or otherwise it will be excessively late to be blamed by our hereafter coevalss, that what we were endowed and what we have left for them. Policy Recommendations: – Increase Agriculture production through debut of advanced engineerings, scientific method, and better policy devising Management and preservation of H2O resources in such a manner that more portion of the land is facilitated with more irrigated H2O like ; trickle irrigation Technique of Smart Agriculture ( intercrossed seeds, green manuring, H2O etc. ) in hard currency harvests in such a manner that their exports can be enhanced Using Research and Development ( R & A ; D ) for the production of Hybrid seeds within the state to cut down the imported seeds, and cut down the impacts of clime alteration doing seasonal holds. Agriculture recognition and micro funding installation should be easy available particularly to little husbandmans ( like ; one window operation ) . Guaranting the inducements for little husbandmans through support monetary value system ( subsidies by authorities ) so that their income may increase. Timely handiness of Agricultural inputs to cut down the negative impact of clime alteration on agribusiness. Development and debut of smart agricultural techniques to cut down the agricultural dirt emanations.

John Gilberto Rodriguez Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

John Gilberto Rodriguez Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers John Gilberto Rodriguez JOHN GILBERT RODRGUEZ Poderoso y polmico son algunos de las palabras usaron para describir el trabajo artstico de John Gilbert Rodrguez. La fotografa no ha sido un medio fuerte y popular a expresar o comunicar la experiencia de Latino y la cultura en nuestra sociedad. Ni lo tiene fue expresado de un punto de Veterano de Chicano Vietnam del panorama. Todava, para un grupo grande de nuestros ciudadanos, este trabajo y estas imgenes representan una interpretacin de la cultura, los sentimientos y las emociones de la comunidad de Chicano. Para tan grande como la comunidad est en este pas y particularmente en California; muy pocos fotgrafo registra estos complejo y a gente apasionada. Nacido en San Jos, residiendo actualmente en el Este San Jos, John uni al Ejrcito en 1968 y luch en Vietnam donde l se wounded en la accin. El gast aos que rehabilitan en un hospital de veteranos y luego matriculados y graduados del Instituto aclamado de Arroyos de la Fotografa. La cmara ha llegado a ser mi voz. Habla para mis pensamientos, los sentimientos, las experiencias y las ideas. Hoy, yo no bsqueda ms larga para la imagen, est en m, y es quin yo soy. El trabajo cubre los perodos diferentes del desarrollo en la vida de artista y conocimiento, e incluye retratos mviles de individuos y expresiones personales de la vida poltica y cultural de la comunidad de Chicano. El trabajo de Rodrguez de John Gilbert se ha representado en El Andar Revista Bilinge, Arte Latino, la Galera de Fotgrafo, la Galera de Ojo, Movimiento de Arte y Cultura Latino Americana, El Ella la Galera Gris, El Centro del Recurso de la Biblioteca de Chicano, la Liga Pacfica del Arte y la Galera de la Asociacin de Fotgrafo de Publicidad de Pennsula. Soy atrado a su trabajo a causa de un inters personal en la fotografa. Cundo yo vi el retrato del ojo, yo fui interesado para averiguar inmediatamente que era. Qu marcas RODRIGUEZ rom diferente otros artistas que he estudiado son sus influencias. El es influido por la guerra en que l sirvi y los mrtires que salvaron su nacin. Este fondo es lo que hace una pintura o fotografa verdadero. Por generaciones, el espaol nios que hablan no fueron permitidos hablar su primer idioma en el motivo de escuela, y el cielo prohibe si ellos lo hablaron en las aulas. Ahora, en clases bilinges hoy, yo encuentro que nuestros nios son hechos para recitar el Juro Fidelidad. .. de palabras que son sin sentido, en un idioma que ellos entienden. Nosotros, as como tambin nuestros nios deben tener el la Libertad de la Eleccin en lugar nosotros permite la inseminacin de nuestras mentes de nios con, Prometo la Lealtad. ..

Analysing the History Of Anabolic Steroids Essays

Analysing the History Of Anabolic Steroids Essays Analysing the History Of Anabolic Steroids Essay Analysing the History Of Anabolic Steroids Essay The history of Anabolic Steroids starts in early 1930 s when a squad of scientists created a man-made signifier of testosterone ( a male endocrine ) . Clinically it been used to assist handle work forces who are unable to bring forth sufficiency of the testosterone endocrine for themselves. During the war it was used by solders to assist increase weight and better public presentation. After the war the Anabolic Steroids received widespread attending by jocks. In 1954 during the Olympics, Soviet jocks and grapplers achieved a high degree of public presentation with the usage of man-made signifier of testosterone. Subsequently in 1956 Dianabol ( Methandrostenolone ) was foremost created by an American doctor ( Dr. Zeigler ) selective signifier known as Anabolic Steroids. In the 70 s, steroids became widespread among non merely Olympic jocks, but besides athleticss participants. The International Olympic Committee in 1975 banned the usage of Anabolic Steroids and it was added to the list of disqualified substances from Olympic Games. Subsequently in 1988 a new jurisprudence was past and it became a new ordinance as portion of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act. There were strong punishments for anyone caught merchandising or in the ownership of any steroids at that clip. Today the Steroids usage is on the addition and gross revenues are still prevailing. [ 2 ] Subsequently on in the study of American Universities it was shown that the big sum of college jocks where the chief Steroids maltreaters. In 1980 20 % of college jocks were utilizing Anabolic Steroids. In 1989 studies estimate that there were nationally more than 500,000 maltreaters and more than 1 million were in the United States. This is what led to the categorization of all anabolic steroids as a Controlled Dangerous Substance. [ 3 ] Methods of Use There are three common signifiers in which Anabolic Steroids can be administered. Anabolic steroids can be injected by utilizing a needle. These Injectable Steroids can be divided into two classs, which are soluble in oils and Waterss. They are normally injected straight into the blood watercourse ( intravenously ) or into the musculus ( intramuscularly ) . [ 4 ] Another manner in which Anabolic Steroids can be administered is unwritten. Anabolic steroids can be absorbed from the GI piece of land, but many compounds will be inactive due to first-pass metamorphosis in the liver and merely about 1/6 will be available in active signifier. [ 5 ] Topical path of disposal besides can be used to present a steady dosage of Anabolic Steroids through the tegument and into the blood stream. The chief job is that the soaking up is inefficient ( approximately 10 % , changing between persons ) and these interventions are more expensive than others. [ 4 ] Pharmacokineticss A T Kicman ( 2008 ) explains the soaking up of Anabolic Steroid. After an Anabolic Steroid is administered orally there is a rapid addition in its concentration in the blood in the undermentioned few hours. Absorption of testosterone starts from the little bowels and base on ballss through the vena to the liver where is quickly metabolised, normally to inactive compounds. For the activation of unwritten activity it requires a 17?-alkyl group, because it can forestall prevents inactivation of the steroid by first-pass metamorphosis by sterically impeding oxidization of the 17?-hydroxyl group. The C-1 is attached to methyl group can assist confabulate unwritten activity. The rate of soaking up from hypodermic or intramuscular terminals depends on the merchandise and its preparation. Absorption is slow for the lipid-soluble esters and for greasy suspensions. The esters include: cyclohexylpropionate, decanoate, laurate and phenylpropionate for Durabolin ; ethanoate, cypionate, decanoate, enanthate, isocaproate, phenylpropionate, propionate and undecanoate for testosterone, undecylenate for boldenone and ethanoate for trenbolone. Besides Kicman, A T ( 2008 ) states that the continuance of action of the esters depends upon the rate of soaking up from the site of disposal. The continuance of action of the esters depends upon the rate of soaking up from the site of disposal. This is dependent on the concatenation length of the acerb mediety and besides the preparation, being related to the divider coefficient of the derived functions between the oil used in the preparation and plasma. However, the longer the concatenation the more easy the readying is rel eased into circulation. Transdermal preparations are constantly testosterone based, lawfully designed for replacing therapy, and include the patch and hydroalcoholic gels, to be applied on a day-to-day footing. The Anabolic Steroids are extremely protein edge. Unconjugated steroids in plasma are bound to bearer proteins. Albumin bounds to plasma with corticosteroid-binding globulin ( CBG ) sometimes called sex steroid-binding protein. The free fraction ( 1-10 % of entire plasma concentration ) is normally considered to stand for the biologically active fraction ( i.e. endocrine that is straight available for action ) , although this thought has been challenged by recent grounds that, in some instances at least, the specific binding proteins may ease steroid entry into mark tissues. Apart from the two maps mentioned above, the major functions of plasma binding proteins seem to be ( a ) to move as a buffer or reservoir for active endocrines ( because of the non-covalent nature of the binding, protein-bound steroids are released into the plasma in free signifier every bit shortly as the free concentration beads harmonizing to the jurisprudence of aggregate action ) and ( B ) to protect the endocrine from peripheral metamorphosis ( notably by liver enzymes ) and increase the half life of biologically active signifiers. The metamorphosis of testosterone can be discussed as a basic metabolic tract for all man-made AAS. The enzymes that convert testosterone to its distinguishable metabolites are besides active towards AAS when similar groups and constellations are present. The metamorphosis of testosterone has been investigated in assorted tissues in vivo and in vitro in several carnal theoretical accounts and in clinical surveies in worlds [ 16-20 ] . Several of these surveies were performed with [ 4G } testosterone to place possible testosterone metabolites unequivocally. Overviews on the high figure of metabolites have been published [ 21, 22 ] . The chief excreted testosterone metabolites 3 a-hydroxy-5 a-androstan17-one ( androsterone ) , 3 a-hydroxy-5 j3-androstan-17-one ( etio cholanolone ) , 3f3-hydroxy-5 a-androstan-17-one ( epiandros terone ) , 5a-androstane-3 a, 1713-diol, 5f3-androstane-3 a, 17f3 glycol, and 5ts-androstane-3f3,17f3-diol are detected in everyday piss samples for drug testing and are portion of the alleged steroid profiling. These most abundant metabolites are pro duced by oxidoreductive reactions at C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-17. Hydroxylated metabolites generated by different isoenzymes of 5a-reductase / 5 A ; -reductase 44 5a-isomer 51! -isomer Foradoriet Al (2008 ) states that metamorphosis of Anabolic Steroids takes topographic point chiefly in the liver and involves some alterations, which are by and large grouped into two sorts of metamorphosis, stage I and phase II, and besides the formation of conjugates. To trip the drug and to ease its riddance from the organic structure stage I reactions normally convert the steroid by enzymatically catalyzed reactions ( e.g. , oxidization, decrease, or hydroxylation ) into more polar compounds. Conjugation reactions, which are Phase II reactions, act to match the anabolic steroid or its metabolite with glucuronic acid or sulfate. Conjugation helps riddance of the steroid from the organic structure and both junction reactions are enzymatically controlled. Wochenschr, M. W. ( 1993 ) says that elimination of the compound and its metabolites takes topographic point via the piss about 90 % and 6 % via the fecal matters, normally taking several yearss to wholly go through through the system. Steroids chiefly are oxidized by cytochrome 450 enzymes and this reaction allows the building to be broken up by other enzymes doing a concluding merchandise gall acids. Rang, H.P.et Al( 1999 ) states that half life of Anabolic Steroids is really short about 10-21 proceedingss. Pharmacodynamics From the scientific discipline point of position Shahidi N.T. provinces testosterone activated via androgens receptors which are the scope of tissues in the human organic structure particularly in generative tissue, musculus and fat including bone, skeletal musculus, encephalon, liver, kidney, and adipocytes. Testosterone diffuses into cell as it is lipid soluble bounds to a particular receptor which presented in the cytosol of cells and together they organizing a composite that moves into nucleus and binds there particular deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) sections ( Figure 2 ) . This leads for the activation of specific courier ribonucleic acid ( messenger RNA ) to increase transit and rate of protein synthesis. To reiterate this procedure legion times prior to metamorphosis, the transit procedure has to be completed and receptor composite have to dissociated and recycled together with the endocrine. This anabolic action of testosterone seems to be chiefly because of the action of test osterone with the androgen receptor in anabolic-responsive tissues. Dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) is a compound that occurs naturallyinmales and females as a consequence of the action of the enzyme 5?-reductase on testosterone, besides has the same androgenic consequence which are balanced through the same androgen receptors in androgen-responsive tissues. DHT will non foster cut down and it s non a replacement for the aromatase procedure, therefore it s non converted to estrogenic metabolites. The probes shows that DHT to exercise 3-4 times the androgenic consequence of testosterone in to receptors in tissues, such as scalp, tegument, and prostate and that s because its binds intensely. Therefore the 5-alpha decreased DHT as a consequence of a primary endocrine equilibrating the androgenic effects of testosterone. The procedures where the Anabolic Steroids have effects that are both direct and indirect: anti-glucocorticoid activity, every bit good as growing in the creatine phosphokinase activity in skeletal musculus. It is now believed that the mechanisms may play a more of import function in the anabolic/anticatabolic actions of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Largely all androgen receptors are engaged at physiologic testosterone degrees. In healthy jocks supraphysiologic doses of testosterone or AAS would hold no increased anabolic consequence, unless other mechanisms of action existed. hypertext transfer protocol: //emedicine.medscape.com/article/128655-overview # aw2aab6b7 Side effects The chief side effects Anabolic Steroids include weight addition, unstable keeping, and unnatural liver map. Harmonizing to Mottram and Gunnell ( 1993 ) the side effects on hormonal system in adult females are: expansion of the button, growing of facial hair, deepening of the voice. Depends on the dosage, catamenial abnormalities will happen. In childs and males the side effects can be related to perturbation of normal bone growing and development, besides it can do serious unwanted effects such as shrinkage of the testiss, reduced sperm count, sterility, phalacrosis, development of chests, and increased hazard for prostate malignant neoplastic disease ( Table 1 ) . On both sexes Anabolic Steroids have side effects on musculoskeletal system ( short stature ( if taken by striplings ) , tendon rupture ) ; besides it can do cardiovascular system upsets ( additions in LDL, decreases in HDL, high blood force per unit area, bosom onslaughts, expansion of the bosom s left ventricle ) . Anabolic Steroids can take to liver tumors, kidney failure, tegument ( terrible acne and cysts, oily scalp, icterus, unstable keeping ) and serious psychiatric jobs. Normally steroids are injected, so the users who portion acerate leafs or utilize non unfertile techniques frequently are at hazard for undertaking unsafe infections, such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B and C. [ 6 ] Table 1 Side effects of Anabolic Steroids Long-run Short-run Hiv Acne LIVER FAILURE SHRUNKEN TESTICLES CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS Gynecomastia STUNTED GROWTH High BLOOD PRESSURE LIGAMENT AND JOINT INJURY HIGH CHOLESTEROL WEIGHT PROBLEMS LIVER MALFUNCTION NEUROLOGICAL ISSUES ENLARGED PROSTATE REDUCED SPERM COUNT BALDING Behavioral effects Anabolic Steroid maltreatment can besides hold an consequence on behavior. Harmonizing to the book Drug in athletics the force per unit area to execute the major temper syndromes may beassociatedwith anabolic steroid usage, including passion or hypomania ( passion of a mild type ) during exposure and depressive symptoms. Depression, which can be dangerous, frequently is seen when the drugs are stopped and may lend to the continued usage of anabolic steroids. It besides can be subscribed with aggression, antisocial, violent behavior, and violent offense particularly in high-dose users. Some jocks claim they feel more competitory and aggressive, others may experience they shouldrun quicker as they are on anabolic steroids. This is because Anabolic Steroids act in a portion of the encephalon called the limbic system, which influences temper and is besides involved in larning and memory ( Tortoraet Al.,2006 p.314 ) . On another manus its ever was hard once and for all make obvious that Anabolic Steroids or Testosterone are responsible for the aggressiveness. Some hunts shows that there are no nexus between offense because of Steroids straight consequence on the encephalon, but because the maltreaters have been affected by extended media attending to the nexus between steroids and aggression. Harmonizing to this theory, the maltreaters are utilizing this possible nexus as an alibi to perpetrate aggressive Acts of the Apostless and belongings offenses. One manner to separate between these two possibilities is to administrate either high steroid doses or placebo for yearss or hebdomads to human voluntaries and so inquire the people to describe on their behavioral symptoms. To day of the month, four such surveies have been conducted. In three, high steroid doses did bring forth greater feelings of crossness and aggression than did placebo ; but in one survey, the drugs did non hold that consequence. One possible account, harmonizing to research workers, is that some but non all anabolic steroids addition crossness and aggression. ( http: //www.4therapy.com/life-topics/substance-abuse/what-effects-do-anabolic-steroids-have-behavior-2546 ) 2011 22/02/2011. Clinical utilizations of anabolic steroids Mottram and Gunnell ( 1993 ) discussed the clinical utilizations of Anabolic Steroids. First of all the Steroids can be used in replacing therapy in work forces, where the AAS may be given to excite sexual development in delayed pubescence. After when all full sexual prime of life is reached it can be stopped. In some instances Anabolic Steroids may be given if testiss were surgically removed, due to physical injures or because of tumor and replacing therapy would be for life in patient. Another clinical usage of Anabolic Steroids is replacement therapy in adult females. As the point testosterone is necessary in adult females every bit good as work forces. However this therapy can be used for the immature females, which fails to release oesradiol, Lipo-Lutin and testosterone. After the disposal of testosterone sex thrust and sexual features will be restored. Anabolic Steroids are used to handle gynecological conditions in adult females utilizing Steroids on a long term base. Some side effects will happen such as fickle menses and a signifier of male secondary features. Some beginnings show that sometimes AAS can be used to quash lactation, after childbearing. Besides that category of drugs can be used to suppress the loss of protein and assistance musculus regeneration after major surgery, and in enfeebling upsets, such as muscular dystrophy ( cachexy ) , weight loss due to alcoholic hepatitis and even can be utile in some types of liver failure if it s associated weight loss. The intervention of anemia with Anabolic Steroids in a big doses been proved and it s more effectual so in the other therapies. These therapies are non recommended for the females, due to side effects such as masculinising. Anabolic Steroids are sometimes used to handle anaemia normally in big doses. Some grounds was provided that osteoporosis can be treated with Steroids. In male childs who have failed to make their expected higher for they age, these categories of drugs may be used to increase growing. In modern medical specialty AAS are used testosterone replacing in patient with HIV infection. For that instance AAS are used such as oxandrolone, Durabolin, and oxymetholone for increasing Lean Body Mass ( LBM ) and weigh addition. AAS, testosterone esters, Durabolin, stanozolol, and oxandrolone can be treated in lesions and burn healing, due to collagen synthesis and the activity of cuticular fibroblasts. In patient with chronic nephritic disease the AAS can be utile. hypertext transfer protocol: //emedicine.medscape.com/article/128655-overview # aw2aab6b72008 Are anabolic steroids addictive? Sing to the different beginnings which been provided and investigated in a average clip the Steroid maltreaters may go addicted to the drug. Some grounds shows that excess big doses of Steroids can impact the encephalon and make mental alterations. Universities researches indicate that the long-run users have symptoms of drug dependence, besides it s been developed that dependance on Anabolic Steroids accrued. Another mark indicate to the drug addictiveness that Steroids maltreaters spend big sum of money and clip to obtain the drug. New hunts shows that depression is a most unsafe symptom, because its can take to the self-destruction efforts. Therefore it can non be left untreated, because steroids backdown can transport on for a twelvemonth or more after the maltreater halt taking the Steroids. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nida.nih.gov/researchreports/steroids/anabolicsteroids5.html # habit-forming Drug Torahs in UK Anabolic Steroids in the United Kingdom are controlled under Schedule IV Part 2 of the Misuse of Drugs Act ; the Act includes most of the anabolic steroids and human growing endocrine. The jurisprudence defines a series of offenses, including improper supply, purpose to provide, import or export ( all these are jointly known as trafficking offenses ) , and improper production. A Home Office license is required for importing and exportation of anabolic steroids, except in instances of little measures for legitimate intents. [ 7 ] However Anabolic Steroids classified as a category C drug and could take to 14 old ages in prison and limitless mulct.

Eight people are traveling to Sticklehaven

Eight people are traveling to Sticklehaven, where they will catch a boat to Indian Island. They have been invited to spend a week on holiday on the island, but for each it was a vague invitation. Each is curious about what awaits them, and they have very diverse expectations. Most are traveling by train; Marston and Dr. Armstrong are driving. There are eight in all: Vera expects to be employed as a secretary; Blore is a private investigator hired to come to the island for a week; and the rest are guests. Several arrive in one train, and are surprised when they are all greeted by a single cab. A man named Fred Narracott ferries them from Sticklehaven to Indian Island. Dr. Armstrong, who does not drive very quickly, arrives late, and is taken over to the island on a second trip. When they arrive at the island, they find that their hosts have been delayed. Vera finds her room very large for that of a secretary, decorated in a modern styleit is a very modern house. There is a marble bear on her mantle, and a nursery rhyme is hanging on the wall. It is about "ten little niggers," and she recognizes it from her youth. In it, the "niggers" die off one by one, until there are none. The butler and the maid, a married couple (the Rogers), are providing for the guests despite the hosts' absence, and they soon serve dinner. The guests enjoy a delicious dinner, and loosen up somewhat. Suddenly they hear a mechanical voice. It accuses each of them of being responsible for someone's death. The guests are shocked and infuriated. The maid, Mrs. Rogers, faints and then is taken to her room to sleep. They discover that the voice came from a record player. The butler had been given directions to set it to play. After the guests help Mrs. Rogers, they begin to discuss their situation. Each explains his or her invitation to the island. The group is shocked that whoever masterminded the invitations was able to impersonate various old friends and spec...

What Main Measures Of Economic Activity Fail Include CPI and GDP Essay

What Main Measures Of Economic Activity Fail Include CPI and GDP - Essay Example The nation's central measure of well-being works like a calculating machine that adds but cannot subtract. It treats everything that happens in the market as a gain for humanity, while ignoring everything that happens outside the realm of monetized exchange, regardless of the importance to well-being (Cobb, 1995). But GNP/GDP measures have some flaws in fully estimating economic development; the most common flaws are listed below: One should not neglect the way GDP ignores the contribution of the social realm--that is, thus the economic roles of household is not taken into account. This is where much of the nation's most important work gets done. Why this happens can be explained by the fact that money do not change hands. The GDP doesn't count it at all--which means that the more our families and communities decline and a monetized service sector takes their place, the more the GDP goes up. The GDP totally disregard the distribution of income, for example, so that enormous gains at the top appear as new prize for all. It makes no distinction between the person in the secure high-tech job and the "downsized" white-collar worker who has to work two jobs at lower pay. CPI CPI is used as an economic indicator to measure inflation. The CPI is an indicator of the effectiveness of government policy, besides it is used by business executives, labor leaders and other private citizens use the index as a guide in making economic decisions. The Columbia Encyclopedia defines The Consumer Price Index (CPI), as a measurement of the cost of living prepared by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, tracks changes in retail prices of an average "market basket." Changes are compared to prices in a previously selected base year, from which figures the percentage increase or decrease in the cost of living can be calculated. In addition to changes over time, such analyses must also consider regional variations in the cost of living, and the relative weighting of the components of the index must be reappraised periodically. Despite its enhancements over the years, the CPI still has considerable problems as an inflation measure. For instance, the index overstates many individual price increases by failing to fully adjust posted price changes for quality improvements and by underestimating the growth of sales by discount retailers (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1997). Economists take into consideration the CPI when taking time-series measurements of financial instruments, since such measurements can only sense if they are expressed in "constant" money terms. One should bear in mind that the CPI is not an economic variable, as it is statistic measure of inflation. To calculate the monthly CPI, the US Department of Labor takes a weighted average of prices of various things that consumers purchase, and then its statisticians try to figure out the various proportions of different items in a "mythical" household budget. For example, the

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Assignment 3 - Essay Example My dad and mum have asked me so many questions even from the morning. But I have not replied to any of the questions. They asked me what happened to me and my silence provoked them a lot and they kept repeating the same question. Mum and dad have concluded that I have some problems which might be psychological and need medical assistance and they decided to seek the advice of a psychologist in the evening as both of them need to attend their professional duties during their day time. They asked me to stay in the home till they arrive in the evening. But I decided to go to my college to study the responses of my teacher and my colleagues. On my way to class, so many people wished me with Hello, Hi. But I have not responded to anyone. Those who wished me have looked suspiciously at me and uttered certain words and gone. But one of my closest friends has came close to me and asked me what happened. But I have not responded. He has pat me on my shoulders and asked me even louder; â€Å"what happened to you? I have not responded and entered the class amidst the irritating comments of my colleagues. When the lecture was going on, my friends started to look at me occasionally to watch my actions. The teacher has noticed that something rather unusual has happened in the class after observing the behaviors of my friends and he enquired about it. One of my friends replied that something drastically wrong has happened to me. The teacher has asked me what happened to me. But I continued my silence amidst of some strange noises produced by my classmates. The teacher asked others to calm down and he has continued his class. After the classes, I returned home and continued my silence till my dad and mum arrived. They came back in the evening and asked me to get ready to have a consultation with a psychologist. They were so much anxious about my condition and started to make their own judgments for my peculiar behavior. I could not control my emotions for so long and

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The Contribution of Geriatric Health Services Research to Successful Aging - Essay Example The variables for the contributions of Geriatric Health Services Research include : changing care patterns to increase chances of successful; eliminating the iatrogenic consequences of medical care preservation of quality of their aging. Added to these, Owe and Kahn pointed out three components of health services and these are: the changing care patterns to gain chances of successful aging; and elimination of the iatrogenic consequences. On the other hand, measures of frailty, life satisfaction or quality of life, and Physical health are few of the successful aging variables. Several other factors may also be included, like substantial roles, physical and social-psychological environment. Moderator variables may also be added in the study, like evaluation of objective physical disability, subjective physical and mental health. Experimental designs by way of randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods were needed. This step basically required closely examination of the participants as well as the personnel. Randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods according to Gay (1999) are two of the strongest designs in providing empirical evidence. It is substantial in establishing the effects of the treatments used. ... 1. Chronic Illness Care 2. Use of Clinical Measures3 Evaluating the effects of this conjoint program; and The Contribution 2 4. Strengthen Geriatric Health Services Policies. Ho3: Geriatric Health Services Department has not attained the high level of "Successful Aging". Types of VariablesThe variables for the contributions of Geriatric Health Services Research include : changing care patterns to increase chances of successful; eliminating the iatrogenic consequences of medical care preservation of quality of their aging. Added to these, Owe and Kahn pointed out three components of health services and these are: the changing care patterns to gain chances of successful aging; and elimination of the iatrogenic consequences. On the other hand, measures of frailty, life satisfaction or quality of life, and Physical health are few of the successful aging variables. Several other factors may also be included, like substantial roles, physical and social-psychological environment. Moderator variables may also be added in the study, like evaluation of objective physical disability, subjective physical and mental health. Methods Used in the Study.Experimental designs by way of randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods were needed. This step basically required closely examination of the participants as well as the personnel. Randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods according to Gay (1999) are two of the strongest designs in providing empirical evidence. It is substantial in establishing the effects of the treatments used. It can control certain degree of biases brought about by differential failure or loss to follow-up, the inadequate of control over risk

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Low Production and High Unemployment - Essay Example A change in either the demand or the supply will cause a similar shift of the other. However, for an economy to experience sustained economic growth and equilibrium, it must step up its factors of production such as labour, capital, and land. Several economic indicators depict the state of an economy and the stage (Frenkel, Razin 29). The Growth Domestic Product (GDP) is a total market value of goods, and services produced and consumed, investments, minus government spending plus the exports minus the imports. A GDP of a country depicts what is happening now in an economy. Rises in the GDP depicting a rise in the economy while a drop in the GDP depicting a recession. In this scenario, country A has a RGDP, which means that its GDP has fallen. Its economy has shrunk, by the amount of the GDP drop. A Second indicator of an economy is the rate of unemployment that describes an economy after it happens. An increase in the rate of unemployment depicts a lagging economy. A country is said to be in a long run economic equilibrium when no firm in the industry wants to leave or enter the market. In this state, no existing firms make losses and those entering the market make losses. Every firm produces at the efficient cost of production and the maximum profit they can make is zero. This means that price is equivalent to average cost of production (Osborne Web). ... In country A, high levels of unemployment depict a recession. Country A is not in an equilibrium state, meaning that it has to undertake some fiscal and monetary policies to take it to this level. A fiscal policy is a tool used by the branches of government via either spending or taxes to attain a desired change. It is an act done with a conscious mind and geared towards effectiveness and efficiency. For country A that is in a recessionary period, imposing taxes will make the situation worse. Therefore, first, country A will have to increase government spending in the areas it deems fit. This king of fiscal policy is called expansionary that increases the government spending and decreases the taxes. This will increase the government budget deficit to increase and lead the country to a long-run equilibrium. According to Keynes, a government can achieve a real GDP every year through market mechanisms where it influences prices and wages, which they assume to be flexible. They believed that in a recessional economy one should not wait for the prices to go down but instead an expansionary fiscal policy can be used. The government should ensure that its spending is higher than the current tax receipts. This way the level of unemployment will fall as the unemployed persons get to work in the government projects increasing their purchasing power. Secondly, the government can engage in purchasing of bonds to release more fund to the corporate and to individuals. As people gain purchasing power, they will invest in various categories of businesses or even purchase goods increasing demand. Price levels will go up, employment levels going up and eventually raise the RGDP. Thirdly, to achieve a long run

Apple Unveils Its Offline Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Low Production and High Unemployment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Low Production and High Unemployment - Essay Example A change in either the demand or the supply will cause a similar shift of the other. However, for an economy to experience sustained economic growth and equilibrium, it must step up its factors of production such as labour, capital, and land. Several economic indicators depict the state of an economy and the stage (Frenkel, Razin 29). The Growth Domestic Product (GDP) is a total market value of goods, and services produced and consumed, investments, minus government spending plus the exports minus the imports. A GDP of a country depicts what is happening now in an economy. Rises in the GDP depicting a rise in the economy while a drop in the GDP depicting a recession. In this scenario, country A has a RGDP, which means that its GDP has fallen. Its economy has shrunk, by the amount of the GDP drop. A Second indicator of an economy is the rate of unemployment that describes an economy after it happens. An increase in the rate of unemployment depicts a lagging economy. A country is said to be in a long run economic equilibrium when no firm in the industry wants to leave or enter the market. In this state, no existing firms make losses and those entering the market make losses. Every firm produces at the efficient cost of production and the maximum profit they can make is zero. This means that price is equivalent to average cost of production (Osborne Web). ... In country A, high levels of unemployment depict a recession. Country A is not in an equilibrium state, meaning that it has to undertake some fiscal and monetary policies to take it to this level. A fiscal policy is a tool used by the branches of government via either spending or taxes to attain a desired change. It is an act done with a conscious mind and geared towards effectiveness and efficiency. For country A that is in a recessionary period, imposing taxes will make the situation worse. Therefore, first, country A will have to increase government spending in the areas it deems fit. This king of fiscal policy is called expansionary that increases the government spending and decreases the taxes. This will increase the government budget deficit to increase and lead the country to a long-run equilibrium. According to Keynes, a government can achieve a real GDP every year through market mechanisms where it influences prices and wages, which they assume to be flexible. They believed that in a recessional economy one should not wait for the prices to go down but instead an expansionary fiscal policy can be used. The government should ensure that its spending is higher than the current tax receipts. This way the level of unemployment will fall as the unemployed persons get to work in the government projects increasing their purchasing power. Secondly, the government can engage in purchasing of bonds to release more fund to the corporate and to individuals. As people gain purchasing power, they will invest in various categories of businesses or even purchase goods increasing demand. Price levels will go up, employment levels going up and eventually raise the RGDP. Thirdly, to achieve a long run

Analysis of IBM Organisation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of IBM Organisation - Assignment Example Compared to any other organization in the USA, IBM is the Information Technology Company with the highest number of patents. The company has also established nine research laboratories in different places of the world (Emerson, 76). Moreover, the company has an excellent team of an employee with a high degree of qualifications, and which highly values teamwork. These factors have seen the company have a competitive edge over the other US-based IT companies. It keeps its customers supplied with the most recent discoveries in IT through its commitment to research. A well qualified and teamwork based team of employee ensures the success of the company through the collaboration of the teams to give the company’s customers the best products and services. The high level of patenting has served to ensure that other IT companies are prohibited from specializing in some areas that the company has patented as its empire. The organizations' principle level strategy is differentiation, wh ere the company has specialized in computer hardware and software production, as well as IT consultancy services for its customers. The company produces specialized products for its customers, depending on the organizational demand of the organization in question. The company produces its products and services based on customer’s centricity (Emerson, 18). This strategy has worked well for the company, allowing it to cultivate more customer loyalty and goodwill. The organization structure is an all-inclusive one, where the opinions and the suggestions of each of their management and employee team counts. It has a culture of collaboration, through which its innovation objective is realized. Both the structure and cultures of the organization are blended well to enhance teamwork and collaborated achievement. The match can be improved through leadership training for all, to ensure that all of the company employees serve as leaders in their different capacities. The organization s tructure is functional without any problems being experienced.

Definition of Literature Essay Example for Free

Definition of Literature Essay Literature is an outlet of escape from reality. At the end of the day, I open a book and allow the story to take me to a world where my own fades into a distant memory. With every turn of a page, my imagination is free to reinvent a narrative that is better than the reality I live. Literature can be non-fiction and based on facts surrounding real events, people, and places. Examples include history books, memoirs, biographies, newspapers, self-help, devotionals, and textbooks. Literature can also be writings based not on truth, but on the imagination and creativity of the author. This includes fiction novels and children story books. A lot of times authors of fiction will get their idea from a real life event and then they allow their imagination to recreate the characters and plot. Aside from being fiction or non-fiction, literature can also fall into different categories according to the genre, purpose, and style. Some genres include romance, science fiction, Christian, suspense, and western. The authors purpose for writing will likely determine what style and genre they will use. Poetry and drama are forms of literature that are stylistically different from other writings. Every writer wants to engage their audience and capture their attention in order to convey a message. The meaning of the text may hold differing messages within the audience, but it is the goal of the author to captivate the reader and keep them wanting to read more. John Smith wrote historical accounts of life while he was living. His writings brought insight and hope regarding English settlement during the early 1600s. The General History of Virginia is difficult to comprehend in areas because I am unfamiliar with his use and style of language, but nonetheless it is a beautifully written piece of literature. John Smith’s targeted audience was most likely the people of his time, with the goal of informing them of recent events. I appreciate the way he portrays the struggles of daily life realistically and in a way that inspires and intrigues. William Bradford was not formally educauted, yet he was a wise and well-read man. His writings spread throughout the world and have been studied and quoted by many. As with most of the literature from his time period, Bradford’s style is simple, but he writes with such conviction that demands the attention and respect of the reader. Bradford was a man of faith and often expressed this in his writing. In Of Plymouth Plantation he often refers to God’s providence and makes continuous references to God. Bradford may refer to God more than any other author in this colonial unit. Anne Bradstreet was a powerful force in literature during the 1960s because she was one of the first recognized women poets. Centuries later she is a revered writer and her poetry remains enchanting. â€Å"Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the opening line to her poem The Author of Her Book and illustrates just how feeble her brain is not. She has the unique capacity to use words to express herself so creatively and with so much emotion. To My Dear and Loving Husband is a great romantic poem that I admire. Bradstreet’s style reminds me slightly of my own. However I need more experience and practice to become nearly as talented as she. Upon the Burning of Our House reminds of my own experience of a house fire and has inspired me to attempt to capture my experience through poetry. Through all Anne Bradstreet’s work, she inspires others to recognize the beauty and power in writing. Edward Taylor was a highly educated, well respected, and devout religious man who used poetry as a private expression of his faith. He did not seek fame or recognition for his writing, rather just the pleasure it brought him. Taylor writes of God beautifully and is a master of creating moving and emotional works of art without intending to. As with most poets, Taylor and Bradstreet used metaphors and had a personal style unique from others. There is also an overflowing of emotion from both Taylor and Bradstreet within all their writings. William Byrd was a very accomplished man of his time. He was well educated, respected, and prosperous. His most famous writings are the journals that he wrote to describe day to day life. In The History of the Dividing Line I was able to pick up on the humor that has lead Byrd to be one of the first distinct comedic writers. The humor is not â€Å"pee your pants funny† rather it is more light-hearted humor that makes the reader smile. It is evident in his writing that Byrd was indeed well-read. A writer is capable of learning a great deal about language, word usage, and style through reading. Byrd’s style is simple, yet he articulates his message very well and although he wrote for himself, he managed to write in a way that would capture an audience’s attention. Jonathan Edwards was an intelligent man of God who served as a preacher. As an author, he wrote popular sermons and other serious works on religion, metaphysics, and philosophy. Edwards’ style of writing is quite different from other authors in this unit because unlike the others he gives the reader an array of possible positions for the topic he is presenting. In the sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Edwards develops his view on destruction and punishment from verses in Deuteronomy. Not only does he explain how he interprets the scripture, he also gives other possible views. St. Jean De Crevecoeur wrote about religion but he did not profess or maintain that he believed in God. He was a well-educated humanitarian who served his people and country. I found Letters from an American Farmer difficult to get through because his style of writing is unexciting. I was also turned off by the way he wrote about certain topics particularly African American issues. Crevecoeur was not a racist man, but he lacked some sensitivity in discussing his unique view on negroes and parenting. He believed that negroes should not continue having children because if they did misery would undeniably result for themselves and their offspring. I understand that he is referring to slaves and perhaps even slaves may have wished to not have children in order to save future generations from being forced into slavery. Crevecoeur surprised me with the boldness in his writing. The progression of writing from Smith to Crevecoeur is interesting to track and there are noticeable changes in language and word usage. As defined earlier, literature to me is written art that engages my imagination and takes my mind away from reality. Not every piece of literature will bring me the pleasure of leaving my own world for a moment and that does not mean the author has failed. Genre plays an important role in this element of the definition. For example the writings from the colonies unit are primarily non-fiction history writings that are meant to inform more than entertain. Anne Bradstreet is an exception. As the writer of poetry, her style is most obviously different from the more serious and constructed essays of the other writers. Every writer has a style that is unique, however one similarity in the colonial writings is the purpose of the author’s writing. Many of the writers were writing for the sake of recording daily life and making historical accounts of slavery, war, and developing colony life. Centuries later, authors such as Smith, Bradford, Bradstreet, Taylor, Edwards, and Crevecoeur are recognized as masters in the field of writing. Writers during the establishment of the colonies wrote simple, yet serious and powerful pieces of art. They have a style of writing and voice that still captures the hearts of readers.

The Competitive Environment Of Astra Zeneca Business Essay

The Competitive Environment Of Astra Zeneca Business Essay As stated briefly in critical success factors (1.4) AstraZeneca has done quite well historically and analysis reveals that they are looking to position themselves strategically for the future. But in the pharmaceutical industry there is currently increased patent risks and low marginal product returns, pharmaceutical firms like AstraZeneca must reduce structural inefficiencies, cut costs which is required to enable them compete better in the changing global environment. Due to its enormous RD push, AstraZeneca suffers a relatively high rate of discontinuation in pre-approval products; there is also a required to reduce resource wastage. AstraZenecas balance geographical presence (the US accounts for over 60% of Pfizers market area) may be an advantage potential compare to other competitors geographic limitations and can help a good revenue growth should other competitors lag behind in expanding their territories. 1.2: Life Cycle Analysis In this section, an analysis of AstraZeneca position in the life cycle has led the company to adopt some decisions which we made mainly in the last 5 years. I have defined the terms, explaining where AstraZeneca stands in the life cycle management and also the strategic implications for its possible in the stage where it is in. Supported by the evidence mentioned in the sections about Fig 1: Industry Life Cycle At the stage where AstraZeneca is the market is very competitive, and this trend continues into the early period of the maturity stage. Besides many more competitors offering their products, other companies continue the product-differentiation process which begun in the growth stage. In the past 5 years there have been many competitors such as GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Merck Co. who were doing what AstraZeneca is doing, and this is one of the characteristics of the maturity stage. With the large number of firms producing products, the competition for customers becomes quite intense; the strategy for firms during the maturity stage becomes one of survival, as many competitors will eventually withdraw from the market. In this climate AstraZeneca has continued differentiating their models so that the market is aware of the differences in the companys products and the competitors products. 1.3: Porters Five Forces Analysis Five Forces Analysis a technique which I have used to for identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in pharmaceutical industry Fig. 2 Five Forces Diagrams Overall, AstraZeneca shows a very strong position in the market. The company remains highly valued; there are favourable market positions with strong financial growth. So far, its demand has been positive and despite increased competition and some of the patent expiry the industry still shows a continuing upward sustainable growth. Below is the analysis on what makes AstraZeneca success and survive in the internal competition with its rivals. 1.4: Critical Success Factors and Competitive Advantage This section identifies key areas in which AstraZeneca must outperform other competitors in order to succeed. In the year 1990 The Core Competence of the Corporation, Prahalad and Gary Hamel painted to the potential for capabilities to be the competitiveness, source of new products, and foundation for strategy. 1.4.1: Research and Development: AstraZeneca makes a major contribution to total UK research and development (RD) expenditure and is amongst the most RD-intensive companies in the UK. As discussed above in life cycle analysis, it invested an average of  £749 million on RD since 2004, which represents around 18% of turnover in 2007 alone and  £1 in every  £20 of all UK business RD. Looking at AstraZenecas global business as a whole, it is now standing as the 13th largest investor in ranks in RD in the world and ranked the second largest investor amongst businesses which are headquartered in the UK (Investing in UK PLC Article, 2004) Research Development is central to AstraZenecas business. It is vital to the identification and development of new therapies to advance human healthcare and of course a strong RD base is also vital to the long term success of the Company. In 2004 AstraZenecas global investment was  £1.9bn, making it the 24th largest investor in RD in the world and ranked the second largest investor amongst businesses which are headquartered in the UK. 1.4.2: Knowledge Workers: AstraZeneca employs a large number of scientists and researchers from a wide range of disciplines, as well as supporting the employment of others through its supply chain. At least 1,200 of AstraZenecas staff (or one in every 10 employees) have a PhD, whilst at least 600 have Masters Degrees. Therefore, at least 16% of AstraZenecas workforce is qualified to postgraduate level (this compares to 6% of all employees in employment in the UK with a post-graduate qualification). Given AstraZenecas need for highly qualified scientific and technology graduates, it is an active sponsor of graduate and post-graduate studies. It funded approximately 110 graduate studentships in 2004 with an estimated value of  £750,000, as well as funding significant levels of PhD students at a number of higher education institutions, either individually or through strategic agreements with Research Councils. 1.4.3: Science Base: AstraZeneca also plays an important role in supporting the wider development of science in the UK through links with institutions at all levels. AstraZeneca is also an active partner in the development of UK science and education policy. AstraZeneca also supports development of the teaching of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) skills in primary and secondary schools. The AstraZeneca Education Liaison Programme and sponsorship of the Creativity in Science and Technology (CREST) Awards (through the British Association for the Advancement of Science) for project work among 11-19 year olds. AstraZeneca is a key in growing economy in the UK this is characterised by the recognition of knowledge as a source of competitiveness, the importance of science, research, technology and innovation in knowledge creation, and the use of ICT to generate, share and apply knowledge. 2. Key business strategies of the company over past five years. Fig. 3: Bowmans Clock AstraZeneca has differentiates its products, it is often able to charge a premium price for its products or services in the market. Some general examples of differentiation include better service levels to customers, better product performance etc. in comparison with the existing competitors. Porter (1980) has argued that for a company employing a differentiation strategy, there is an extra cost that the company would have to earn. Such extra costs may include high marketing spending to promote a differentiated brand image for the product, which in fact can be considered as a cost and an investment. Differentiation has many advantages for AstraZeneca because it makes use strategy. Some problematic areas include the difficulty on part of the firm to estimate if the extra costs entailed in differentiation can actually be recovered from the customer through premium pricing. Moreover, successful differentiation strategy of a firm may attract competitors to enter the companys market segment and copy the differentiated product (Lynch, 2003). 2.1: Strategic Groups Analysis This section of Strategic Group Analysis (SGA) aims to identify organizations with similar strategic characteristics, following similar strategies or competing on similar bases. As put by Porter, A strategic group is the group of firms in an industry following the same or a similar strategy along the strategic dimensions (Porter, 1980, p.129) For more details, See Appendix 1 3. resources, capabilities and business strategies in the past 10 years. 3.1: Resource Based View of the AstraZeneca Below is the analysis of AstraZenecas unique resources and dynamic capabilities and how the company has managed to align its resources and capabilities to fit its business strategy. This analysis has supporting evidences that dates back 10 years. Firstly, Physical resources: these types of resources can be assessed in the form of buildings, equipment. At AstraZeneca they have development facilities in several countries, there are 30 sites for manufacturing in 20 countries and among those SEVERAL are in the UK. Secondly, there is human capital that is embodied in the skills and knowledge of employees of the firm, there is a large number of scientists who are employed by AstraZeneca. Financial capital these can be assessed through access to funds that can include the firms own revenue and borrowing power, AstraZeneca has generated  £11.8 billion and produces an operating profit of  £2.6 billion. Fourth, there is intellectual capital, which carries the reputation, goodwill, corporate image as whole, through the world and UK in particular medicine made by AstraZeneca are recognized as world class or world leading treatments. Last but not least, Social capital also accounts in the way the companys relations with buyer and suppliers and other stakeholders social capital, its two main sites act as significant link in the companys global supply chain -north west of the UK 3.2. Dynamic Capabilities of AstraZeneca Below is the analysis of AstraZenecas dynamic capabilities, this analysis has supporting evidences that dates back 10 years ago. Capabilities can be thought of as routines that firms perform to conduct their business (Nelson and Winter 1982). These are firm specific (non tradable), Capabilities can be both explicit and implicit (Conner and Prahalad 1996) Firstly, AstraZeneca develops manufacturer and sells a range of innovative drugs and therapy to combat different medical conditions. Secondly, research and development carried out at 11 research and development facilities located in seven countries among them there are 6 in the UK. Also, manufacturer takes place at 30 sites based in 20 countries, and 9 are in the UK. Dynamic capability its location in the UK example companys European business service office located in North West Chorlton-cum-hardy which is near the close to the centre of Manchester On the other hand, AstraZeneca spends development stage of each medicine of cost over 500 million pounds, in additional to that AZ continue research and development treatments in the serious diseases. In additional to that, HR, marketing, sales are located at the same facility near satellite sites, Tytherington and Macclesfield, On the hand, the Brixham laboratory lab medicines and manufacturing process to ensure that they meet stringent environment safety and regulations requirement 3.3: Strategic Fit Strategic fit expresses the degree to which an organization matches its resources and capabilities with the opportunities in the external environment or its existing business strategy. For AstraZeneca the benefits of good strategic fit include cost reduction, due to economies of scale, and the transfer of knowledge and skills. In AstraZeneca position, the business fit between resources and capabilities creates a demand for opportunities that address specific strategic needsopportunities that strengthen competitive advantage, that explore the use of new technologies, or create new markets and revitalize existing markets. Based on the analysis of resources (3.1) and capabilities (in 3.2) on previous sub-chapters,  I can compose a list of existing capabilities that support new objectives. On the other hand, Development of differentiated product and technology alternatives, this recognises that AstraZeneca have used technology advancement to enhance their RD in conjunction with differentiated product. Development of differentiated product profiles and business plans, this has been generated as a result of enormous amount of money which is spent on research and development as describes in previous topics. AstraZeneca is a key in growing economy in the UK this is characterised by the recognition of knowledge as a source of competitiveness, the importance of science, research, technology and innovation in knowledge creation, and the use of ICT to generate, share and apply knowledge. This advantage is couple with sponsorship of different education programmes in school to produce knowledge based company. AstraZeneca is the as UKs third pharmaceutical company and a lead in RD of medicine; this capability has successfully carried it to a wide range of medicines and drugs. Finally, AstraZenecas actions a resource/competence based analysis of its instinctive capabilities, those characteristics that give AstraZeneca distinct competitive advantage over its industry rivals. 3.4: AstraZeneca SWOT Analysis AstraZeneca since its merger in 1999 (Astra and Zeneca) has grown a global enterprise with over 64,000 employees on six continents. AstraZeneca has increasingly focused its efforts on RD and this remains its core business strategy. AstraZenecas strengths lie in its strong as a knowledge based organisation and strong marketing capabilities. AstraZenecas performance is characterized not only by size, but also by growth. In 2007, AstraZeneca achieved 18% revenue growth. AstraZeneca has also set records in each of the past seven years to 2007 with the biggest investment in RD. AstraZeneca strength in RD, marketing, and sales has made them a partner of choice for many companies in the pharmaceutical industry and they are involved in a wide range of research collaborations and a large number of licensing agreements with universities, institutes and organizations. Strength: RD advance with a broad therapeutic exposure Wide geographical coverage and therapeutic areas Existing Patent protection for a number of years on key products Weakness: Discontinuation of products in the latter stages of development Increased size and operational complexity makes AstraZenecaa less responsive company Opportunity: reducing development time through complimentary RD collaborations globalisation for new products/drugs/medicine Marketing agreements with companieswishing to capitalize on AstraZenecas marketing Strengths,providing AstraZenecarevenue growth in the process Threats: Patent expiry in 2009 and other due this year 2010 Competition from products similar to AstraZenecas in RD that reach the market close to or before AstraZenecas products The new economic emergency in China, India and competition in diverse regional markets. 4. References: 4.1: Websites http://www.csuchico.edu/mgmt/strategy/module8/index.htm http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/retrieve/2190/etd1838.pdf http://www.astrazeneca.com/investors/strategy/ http://college.hmco.com/hjinstruct/powerpt/ch03/sld020.htm http://university-essays.tripod.com/porters_generic_strategies.html http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_bowman.htm http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/strategy_clock/ 4.2.: Journal Article http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_93.htm http://lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=strategic-fit Nair, A. and Filler, L. (2003) Strategic Management Journal, 24, 145-159. Puerta, J. (2004) British Journal of Management, 15, 219-245. 4.3: Books Porter, M. E. (1976) Interbrand Choice, Strategy, and Bilateral Market Power, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusets. Porter, M. E. (1980) Competitive Strategy. Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, Free Press, New York. Warren, K. (2002) Competitive Strategy Dynamics, John Wiley Sons, Chichester. Zuniga-Vicente, J. A., Fuente-Sabate, J. M. d. l. and Rodriguez- 5. Bibliography Oster, S. M. (1994) Modern Competitive Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York. Porac, J. F., Thomas, H. and Baden-Fuller, C. W. F. (1989) Journal of Management Studies, 26, 397-416. Porac, J. F., Thomas., H. and Baden-Fuller, C. W. F. (1994) In Strategic Groups, Strategic Moves and Performance (Eds, Daems, H. and Thomas., H.) Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, pp. 117-137. Redwood, H. (1988) The Pharmaceutical Industry: Trends, Problems and Achievements, Oldwicks, Felixstowe. Taggart, J. (1993) The World Pharmaceutical Industry, Routledge, New York. 6: Appendices:

Essay example --

The internet is a system where the global network of computers are connected by having constant sending and receiving of data using the transmission control protocol or internet protocol as a channel (Team, 2012) (Apache). Internet is also known as a virtual space where people can retrieve information, communicate with others around the world and many other activities, especially the baby boomers and the generation X. Baby boomers are people born between the year 1946 to the year of 1964 (Library, 2013); while generation X are individuals born in between the years of 1966 to 1976 (Schroer). They are the group of people where they face troubles and problems in adapting towards the internet technology. The following paragraphs will be their struggles and also the ways to help them adopting the internet technology. As people grow older, their ability of learning new things tends to slow down. Thus due to their gradually slowing learning pace, the baby boomers and the generation X are experiencing hard times to adopt with the new technologies. This is a situation and a fact that is unable to avoid because this is human nature. Even if they tried to learn a new technology, before they could even fully learn it, another new technology will be invented. The baby boomers and the generation X just could not follow the fast pace of changes in the technology world. Though their learning pace is slowing down it does not mean they do not have the ability to learn at all. If they are willing to learn and hardworking enough, they can still be able to cope with the new technology. To the baby boomers and the generation X who always feels that the current style is the best; they will be using the basic model cell phones. This is because to them,... ...nformation is needed, such as online bank transferring website can strengthen the security of their webpages. This can boost the confidence level of the baby boomers and the generation X towards internet banking and increase the sense of reliability of online banking, which can then benefit both parties. Inform the baby boomers and generation X about the advantages and the usefulness of password, where it acts as the key to access the information stored online and it also can actually protect leaking of information to others. In conclusion, the baby boomers and generation X are having difficult times in handling the non-stop developing technology field. Many of them do not have the ability to or a chance to have contact with the technology. Things need to be done to help them to cope with the new technology so that they will not be left out from the modern society. Essay example -- The internet is a system where the global network of computers are connected by having constant sending and receiving of data using the transmission control protocol or internet protocol as a channel (Team, 2012) (Apache). Internet is also known as a virtual space where people can retrieve information, communicate with others around the world and many other activities, especially the baby boomers and the generation X. Baby boomers are people born between the year 1946 to the year of 1964 (Library, 2013); while generation X are individuals born in between the years of 1966 to 1976 (Schroer). They are the group of people where they face troubles and problems in adapting towards the internet technology. The following paragraphs will be their struggles and also the ways to help them adopting the internet technology. As people grow older, their ability of learning new things tends to slow down. Thus due to their gradually slowing learning pace, the baby boomers and the generation X are experiencing hard times to adopt with the new technologies. This is a situation and a fact that is unable to avoid because this is human nature. Even if they tried to learn a new technology, before they could even fully learn it, another new technology will be invented. The baby boomers and the generation X just could not follow the fast pace of changes in the technology world. Though their learning pace is slowing down it does not mean they do not have the ability to learn at all. If they are willing to learn and hardworking enough, they can still be able to cope with the new technology. To the baby boomers and the generation X who always feels that the current style is the best; they will be using the basic model cell phones. This is because to them,... ...nformation is needed, such as online bank transferring website can strengthen the security of their webpages. This can boost the confidence level of the baby boomers and the generation X towards internet banking and increase the sense of reliability of online banking, which can then benefit both parties. Inform the baby boomers and generation X about the advantages and the usefulness of password, where it acts as the key to access the information stored online and it also can actually protect leaking of information to others. In conclusion, the baby boomers and generation X are having difficult times in handling the non-stop developing technology field. Many of them do not have the ability to or a chance to have contact with the technology. Things need to be done to help them to cope with the new technology so that they will not be left out from the modern society.